![]() You will usually receive the radiotracer in an injection. FDG is just one of many radiotracers in use or in development. This allows your doctor to detect disease before it may be seen on other imaging tests. This higher rate can be seen on PET scans. Cancer cells are more metabolically active and may absorb glucose at a higher rate. The most common radiotracer is F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a molecule similar to glucose. They can also bind to specific proteins in the body. They accumulate in tumors or regions of inflammation. ![]() Radiotracers are molecules linked to, or "labeled" with, a small amount of radioactive material. These tests use radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers to help diagnose and assess medical conditions. Except for intravenous injections, it is usually painless. They can also show whether you are responding to treatment. This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages. Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint molecular activity. These include cancer, heart disease, gastrointestinal, endocrine, or neurological disorders, and other conditions. Doctors use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases. Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive material called radiotracers. Additionally, late-stage identification of substantial off-target sites for multiple tracers highlights incomplete pre-clinical characterisation prior to translation, as well as human disease state studies carried out without confirmation of test-retest reproducibility.Positron emission tomography, also called PET imaging or a PET scan, is a type of nuclear medicine imaging. Many of the tracers discussed lack in vivo blocking data, reducing confidence in selectivity. Our review also identifies recurrent issues within the field. Some of the most promising of these include 18F-MK-6240 for tau imaging, 11C-UCB-J for imaging SV2A, 11C-CURB and 11C-MK-3168 for characterisation of fatty acid amide hydrolase, 18F-FIMX for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, and 18F-MNI-444 for imaging adenosine 2A. Our review shows that multiple new tracers have been developed for proteinopathy targets, particularly tau, as well as the purinoceptor P2X7, phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), amongst others. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. We also consider its potential limitations and missing characterisation data, but not specific applications in drug development. For each tracer, we summarised the evidence of its properties and potential for use in studies of CNS pathophysiology and drug evaluation, including its target selectivity and affinity, inter and intra-subject variability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We conducted a PubMed search (search period 1st of January 2013 to 31st of December 2018), which yielded 40 new PET tracers across 16 CNS targets which met our selectivity criteria. We then used the National Institute of Mental Health Research Priorities list to identify the key CNS targets. We provide an overview of the criteria used to evaluate PET tracers. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of new PET tracers for CNS targets, focusing on developments in the last 5 years for targets recently available for in-human imaging. Molecular neuroimaging provides the tools to address this. A limit on developing new treatments for a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been the inadequate understanding of the in vivo pathophysiology underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders and the lack of in vivo tools to determine brain penetrance, target engagement, and relevant molecular activity of novel drugs.
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